The Story Of An Hour Essays - Smoking, Habits, Tobacco, Cigarettes

The Story Of An Hour What I Already Know: I truly don't think a lot about adolescent smoking or why they like to smoke. This is exactly my opinion of it. I realize most adolescents love to smoke since they think its cool. A few youngsters smoke since they need to fit in with their companions. Different children simply smoke in light of the companion pressure from their companions. What I need to Know: - Why do youngsters smoke? - Is it a dependence? - Do adolescents smoke due to the companion pressure? What I discovered: The motivation behind why adolescents smoke is a result of the cigarette advertisements and issues at home. Smoking and biting tobacco are much the same as utilizing medications and liquor. When you start you may not ever have the option to quit smoking. I additionally discovered a September 2000 investigation shows that one - quarter of 12-multi year olds. Who smoke as not many as a few cigarettes daily gets dependent in only fourteen days? The greater part of the rest get dependent inside half a month or more. New investigations show it just takes only days for 12 and multi year olds to get dependent on smoking. We've all observed the promotions for Marlboro Country, with pictures of wonderful nation scenes, wild ponies running, and cattle rustlers around fire or riding a horse. Indeed, here's the genuine Marlboro Country. In the event that Joe Camels advertisement came clean about smoking it would state. ? I wish I hadn't smoked. I got a great deal of children to think smoking was cool, and I'm so heartbroken! I'm so extremely heartbroken. I smoked, and now I'm kicking the bucket of malignant growth. Simply take a gander at me now! Please whatever you do, don't smoke!? Increasingly About Tobacco Advertising! Tragically, numerous adolescents are not very worried about the danger of illness further down the road. Be that as it may, the truth of the matter is cigarettes cause emphysema, lung malignant growth, and coronary illness. Today in the US, smoking causes 1 of each 5 passings. Cigarettes kill 1,2000 Americans consistently that adds up to 420,000 Americans passings every year and a few million passings overall yearly. In coming decades, the World Health Organization disclose to us that smoking will murder 500 million individuals around the world. That is 9% of the current total populace. It implies that almost 1 of each 10 individuals now alive on earth will bite the dust due to cigarettes! Furthermore, unfortunately, this is totally preventable. Tobacco advertisements are additionally intended to play with your psyche. In magazine promotions, we see solid youngsters playing sports which require breath, similar to tennis or hiking, however we as a whole realize that is a falsehood. Th ese cigarette advertisements deliberately cause it to give the idea that smoking is socially worthy. That is so bogus. Truly, here in the US, three out of four individuals don't smoke, and its not alright to smoke around a great many people no more. Smoking isn't socially satisfactory. Consistently, the tobacco business spends $ 4.5 to $ 5 billion on the every day publicizing of its lethal, addictive items. Taking everything into account, the pitiful certainty is that publicizing has as a lot more grounded impact on youngsters than most deliberately figure it out. Consistently 3,000 adolescents become recently dependent on cigarettes. The tobacco business knows precisely what they are doing, and they go through billions consistently to control the oblivious personalities of millions, don't let them control you! New Scientific investigations appears. Youngsters, who think promoting has no impact on you, think about this. An ongoing report exhibited that promoting assumes a more notew orthy job than peer-pressure in getting adolescents to smoke. Studies additionally show the most mainstream brands youngsters smoke is Camels, Marlboros, and Newport. The Addiction The physical bit of the dependence is to nicotine. The mental piece of the unwinding, recognizable impression of taking care of the cigarette, watching its twisting smoke, the profound and loosening up breathing related with breathing in and breathing out, the taste, etc. While stopping, a smoker's cognizant brain says, ? I will quit smoking no issue.? However, the oblivious psyche has been adapted that cigarettes give delight, and that is everything it can concentrate on. The dependent oblivious brain says, ? Give me a cigarette now!? It just perceives what feels better, or what doesn't feel better. It requests a cigarette regardless of right or wrong, and agitators against the cognizant brain choice

Character and Iago

The Balance of Iago and Desdemona’s Characters in Othello In William Shakespeare’s unfortunate play Othello the equalization of good versus insidious is seen in Desdemona and Iago. â€Å"Every character is [†¦] adjusted by another comparable or differentiating character†(Kernan 877). We see this equalization in Desdemona’s â€Å"innocence† and Iago’s debasing contempt (877). The impacts both Iago and Desdemona have on the principle character Othello all through the play just assistance to show this parity. Othello turns into the grievous masterpiece because of the adjusting of Iago’s scorn and Desdemona’s faithfulness all through the play.At the start of the play, Iago’s contempt is clear through his longing to have retribution on Othello. As he addresses Roderigo, he talks about this disdain for Othello. â€Å"These colleagues have some spirit,/And such a one do I claim myself. /It is as certain as you are Roderigo ,/Were I the Moor I would not be Iago. /In tailing him, I follow yet myself-/Heaven is my appointed authority, not I for affection and obligation,/But appearing to be so for my unconventional end. † (Shakespeare 1. 1. 56-62). From this Iago starts his plot to surpass Othello by controlling others to do his offering which just adds to the furthest point of his character.With his plot moving, Iago, as indicated by Amy Clark, utilizes an uncommon method to deceive Othello by â€Å"cleverly [appearing] to be hesitant to talk sick against others. † This procedure â€Å"makes Othello not presume Iago of any untrustworthy behavior† (Clark). This is the place Othello accepts his supposed companion over his significant other. This technique that Clark discusses shows Iago’s double dealing towards Othello. Iago says to Othello, â€Å"Cassio:/In rest I heard him state â€Å"Sweet Desdemona,/Let us be watchful, let us cover up our loves†;/And at that point, si r, would he problem and wring my hand,/Cry â€Å"O sweet animal! and afterward kiss me hard,/at that point laid his leg/Over my thigh, and sigh'd, and kiss'd; and/Cried â€Å"Cursed destiny that offered thee to the Moor! † (Shakespeare 3. 3. 418-426) Iago is additionally ready to do nearly anything to get his vengeance. This is demonstrated again at the outcome of the play, when Iago slaughters his own better half, as she reveals to Othello that Desdemona was in truth honest. Iago attempts to quiet Emilia down from expressing reality by saying, â€Å"Zounds, hold your piece† (Shakespeare 5. 2. 231), â€Å"Be savvy, and get you home† (Shakespeare 5. 2. 236), â€Å"Villainous prostitute! (Shakespeare 5. 2. 243) and â€Å"Filth, thou liest! † (Shakespeare 5. 2. 246). Iago isn’t effective in quieting Emilia down until he wounds her and she kicks the bucket. Iago controls and curves numerous activities inside this play to assist him with prevailing in his retribution against Othello; be that as it may, toward the finish of the play it isn't just Othello yet in addition Iago who makes his own downfall. Desdemona thusly adjust Iago’s unadulterated scorn with the adoration and dedication she has towards her better half. Desdemona says to Othello, â€Å"For ‘twas that hand that parted with my heart† (Shakespeare 3. . 43) demonstrating that her affection and dedication was for Othello, and Othello as it were. William Long says this is appeared in Desdemona’s â€Å"exposition of the reasons she cherishes Othello [and this serves to define] her fundamental character as a lady of dedication and constancy to him† (Long). This can likewise be seen when Desdemona is interrogated regarding leaving Venice to follow Othello to Cyprus. She says, â€Å"The ceremonies for why I love him are dispossessed me,/And I a substantial break will bolster/By his dear absence.Let me go with him† (Shakespeare 1. 3. 2 58-60). As the play goes to its peak, we can see the impact that Desdemona has on her significant other. Defeat with an envious fury, because of the way that he thinks Desdemona is undermining him, and gratitude to Iago’s disdain, Othello winds up slaughtering her notwithstanding her supplications. In spite of the fact that, Desdemona is totally guiltless of this demonstration, she stays dedicated to her better half in her final gasp as she proclaims to Emilia that â€Å"nobody† did this to her with the exception of herself (Shakespeare 5. 2. 128).Othello has been called one of William Shakespeare’s most noteworthy disasters, and all through the whole play, Alvin Kerman’s hypothesis of each character having another character that is â€Å"similar or contrasting† to make balance is indicated legitimately through the characters Iago and Desdemona (877). Othello’s corruptive conduct is brought about by Iago’s disdain and is adjusted by h er blamelessness just as her affection and dedication for her significant other. The equalizations they make Othello the catastrophe it is known as today. Works Cited Clark, Amy. â€Å"Analyze The Techniques Iago Uses to Plant Suspicion In Othello’s Mind. Coursework. Information. Web. 03 Apr. 2012 Kernan, Alvin. â€Å"The Complete Signet Classic Shakespeare. † Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kenndy and Dana Gioia. fourth ed. New York: Longman, 2012. 877. Print. 03 Apr. 2012 Long, William R. â€Å"Desdemona's Love and Othello. † Dr. William Long and Dr. Bill Long. 1 Jan. 2004. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. Shakespeare, William. Othello, The Moor of Venice. Knapsack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kenndy and Dana Gioia. fourth ed. New York: Longman, 2012. 762-875. Print. 03 Apr. 2012

Strategies for Getting Through a Panic Attack

Strategies for Getting Through a Panic Attack Panic Disorder Coping Print Strategies for Getting Through a Panic Attack By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 29, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2019 Tim Kitchen/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Take a Breath Loosen Up Change Your Mind Confront Panic Follow Recommendations View All Back To Top If you suffer from panic attacks, then youve been there before. You experience difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, muscle tension, and dizziness. These physical sensations are often accompanied by negative and frightening thoughts. You may fear losing control of yourself and quite possibly your sanity. Despite these overwhelming feelings, there are ways you can regain a sense of control when panic strikes. Below are some simple tips you can use to help ease common symptoms of a panic attack. Take a Breath Panic attacks can literally feel like they are taking your breath away. You may feel like you are hyperventilating, choking, or experiencing shortness of breath. Managing your changes in breathing can be the key to reducing panic symptoms. During an attack, try to bring your attention to your breath. How to Direct Your Breath Start by breathing slowly and purposely. This will counteract the shallow breathing characterized by most attacks. If possible, place your hands on your stomach and fill your belly with breath. When you inhale, you will feel your center rise and expand. As you exhale, it will then contract inward. These deliberate breaths will assist in soothing your body and mind. It may also be helpful to count each breath. Such as counting your first full breath in and out as one, the next breath in and out as two, and so on. This will not only help you breathe better, but it will also help you feel calmer by distracting your mind. The Benefits of Box Breathing for Stress Management Loosen Up When panic sets in, you may notice pain, numbness, and overall tensions throughout your body. By spending a few moments trying to relax your body, you can start to improve some of your physical discomforts. Letting go of this strain will also help relieve your anxious thoughts. Work your way up to your entire arm, tightening and loosening each set of muscles, moving from the forearm up to the shoulder. Then switch to the left side. Do the same for your legs, starting with your right foot. Continue to focus on separate muscle groups, including your back and shoulders, until you have worked your way all the way up to the top of your head. Dont forget to relax your facial muscles, as there is often a lot of tension held there. Try to soften your forehead, relax your jaw, and ease your neck. Change Your Mind Even when in full-blown panic mode, you may logically recognize that your fears are exceeding what is warranted by the situation. Despite wanting the panic to stop, your thoughts may be keeping you from feeling calm. When faced with negative thoughts  associated with a panic attack, try to distract your mind and refocus. As the panic attack takes its course, divert your attention to more pleasant thoughts. Instead of fearing the situation you are in, try thinking about the positive aspects of your life, such as a loved one, a beloved pet, or a favorite leisure activity. It may be helpful to think about something that makes you laugh or to visualize a tranquil scene. You can try to think of a funny joke or imagine a beautiful sunset. Affirm more positive statements to yourself. For example, repeat to yourself, I am okay, I am safe, or This will pass. Over time your negative thinking pattern will begin to give way to more encouraging views. Can I Stop a Panic Attack From Happening? Confront Panic One of the most effective ways to start managing panic attacks is to persistently face your fears. If your attacks are situational, such as being in crowds, try not to avoid these situations. Such exposure will help you to work through panic and will send the message to your fears that you are ultimately in control of them. If your panic attacks are unpredictable, meaning that no particular triggers bring them on, you will also need to tackle the panic as it comes. Remember that by becoming self- aware during a panic attack, even when it comes on unexpectedly, can help you cope with its symptoms. Remain aware of how youre feeling and remind yourself that it will not overtake you. Follow Treatment Recommendations Your physician or health care provider may recommend medication to help treat your panic attacks. Anti-anxiety medications, known as benzodiazepines, can provide fast relief for panic symptoms. Frequently prescribed benzodiazepines include Xanax (Alprazolam), Ativan (Lorazepam), Valium (Diazepam), and Klonopin (Clonazepam). Benzodiazepines are generally prescribed during the initial treatment phase as a short-term remedy for panic attacks. Antidepressants, such as Prozac (Fluoxetine), and Zoloft (Sertraline), are a commonly prescribed type of medication used in more long-term prevention of panic attacks. Since antidepressants can take several weeks to be effective, it is important to take them consistently to improve your symptoms. Benzodiazepines Short-term relief Take shortly before a panic-inducing situation, like prior to boarding an airplane or giving a speech Antidepressants Long-term prevention   Take daily to help alleviate feelings of anxiety and weaken strength and duration of panic attacks   Next time you are met with a panic attack, apply these techniques so that you can begin to regain some control. Keep in mind that these strategies wont work every time or for everyone, but try them out and see what helps you. These skills will be most effective if you practice them when you are not in a state of panic. By rehearsing them, they will become easier to use and will be more ingrained in your memory for when you will need them the most. You may also want to write them down and keep them with you so that you have them during panic-inducing situations. With patience, perseverance, and consistency, your panic attacks can be managed. You are most likely much braver than you think you are. Over time, you may begin to recognize your own courage as you continue to conquer panic attacks. Find Relief With An Online Anxiety Support Groups

Stress Management Plan - 1516 Words

Stress Management Plan When I was gathering resources for my first stress portfolio, one picture left a deep impression. It says: â€Å"there are only two times I feel stress: day and night.† Yes, stress exists along with our whole life; it may seem that there is nothing that we can do about stress. The homework and exams will keep coming, there is endless study and work in the day, and our career and family responsibilities will always be demanding. However, the good news is that stress can be managed. The simple realization that you are in control of your life is the foundation of stress management. Managing stress is all about taking charge of your thoughts, emotions, schedules, and the way you deal with problems. Stress is not always†¦show more content†¦The 20 minutes’ walk did not reduce my work load, but increased the working efficiency. Therefore I can do the work faster with a higher quality, and reduce my stress level at the same time. Rest and Sleep How we feel during the waking hours hinges greatly on how well we sleep. A good nights sleep makes us able to tackle the days stress more easily. When we get tired, we are less patient and more easily agitated, which can increase stress levels. Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Lacking sleep is not only bad for health, but increases stress levels and lowers daily working efficiency. Sleep schedule, bedtime habits, and day-to-day lifestyle choices can make an enormous difference to the quality of nightly rest. To be productive, mentally sharp, emotionally balanced, and full of energy during the day, it’s essential to get a good night’s sleep and rest. For my personal experience, I do not have sleeping troubles, but suffer more from staying up late and lacking sleep. When I have studying or work left from the day, I tend to stay up late instead of waking up early to get the work done on the next day. Usually after finishing the work, my body already is exhausted, and I fall asleep in just one minute. However, lacking sleep makes me feel very tired the next day, and this effect lasts for the whole day. Sometimes I feel my body woke up, but my brain did not. This definitely lowered my work efficiency, and increased myShow MoreRelatedStress Management Plan1776 Words   |  8 Pages1 Stress Management Plan 2 Living a stress-free life is not a reasonable goal. The goal is to deal with life actively and effectively. I believe I have more control over myself than I believe I do. The simple realization that I am in control of my life is the foundation of stress management. I believe that managing stress consists of taking charge of my thoughts, emotions, schedule, and the way I deal with problems. Stress management starts with identifying the sourcesRead MoreStress Management Action Plan1332 Words   |  6 PagesStress Management Action Plan - The Four Things You Can Learn in Order to Control Your Stress Some years ago I was faced with some very challenging financial situations. The extent of my challenge was such that I was incapacitated with stress. For those of you in this state you will know what I mean. I had the constant tightening of the stomach that very frequently turned to churning in response to many simple events that occurred in my day to day life. This was exasperated by my inability to breatheRead MoreA Comprehensive Stress Management Plan Based On The Following2066 Words   |  9 PagesDevelop a comprehensive stress management plan based on the following: a) Identify four major ongoing stressors in your life. For each stressor, describe why it is a stressor for you. 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My temper is always at its highest and I expect perfection in everything pursue in addition to getting out of control when things do not result according to my expectations. Similarly, my husband compares me to squirrels because they are always hyper and nervousRead MoreStress Management Reflection Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesAfter learning about stress in this class my understanding is that, stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not realize it. You may think illness is to blame for that nagging headache, your frequent forgetfulness or your decreased productivity at work. But sometimes stress is to blame. Indeed, stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behavior. There is a long list of serious health proble ms that may develop due to stress. Some include depressionRead MoreStress Lesson Pl The Stress Reduction Technique Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesSPH-H180- Stress Management- Lesson Plan Name: (Last, First)_Yuchan Hu__ Fill out your lesson plan and PRINT. You will hand-deliver to me on 12/1. 1. What stress reduction technique did you choose to teach someone else? I chose the time management as the stress reduction technique to teach my roommate. 2. Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because I know that my roommate is a student who is confused by her procrastination. She often postpones complete learning tasks althoughRead MoreEssay about Personal Challenges1053 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges. For each challenge, describe time and stress management techniques along with personal development resources that may help a nurse overcome these challenges. |Personal Challenge |Time Management Technique |Stress Management Technique |Personal Development Resources | |Example: Balancing work and family |Use a calendar or organizer to plan my |Take regular family vacations. Read MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Stress On College Students1412 Words   |  6 PagesStress is a word that many college students hear on a daily basis; it is a concept that resonates with all students, regardless of age or major. People of all ages experience stress at various times in their lives, but college is a particular time when an individual can be plagued by heightened levels of it. At any given time, a college student might feel academic, financial, and social strains, yet they might not possess the resources to satisfy the demands of these stressors. Accumulation of these

`` Everything Rises With Leadership But Falls As A Tragedy

Kem Urmat Prof. Weekes ENGL 140 11/26/2014 Troy Maxson â€Å"Everything rises with leadership but falls as a tragedy,† said Alexander the Great, before his Battle of the Hydaspes, where his army suffered many casualties and marked the end of his military campaign. In history, there have been many downfalls. A few examples, Marcus Brutus was responsible for the downfall of Julius Caesar. Fighting a two front war against England and Russian empires led to the downfall of Napoleon. Many historians call those events tragedies. The word â€Å"tragedy† originates from the Greek word â€Å"tragÃ… idia†, meaning â€Å"the goat song, which is not what society associates as a tragedy in current times. Today, tragedy is understood as a disastrous event, that involves an enormous loss of life (ex: terrorist attack, natural disaster, etc.), which gains widespread media attention for public perception and world understanding. As a literary term, tragedy in a fictional narrative, typically drama involves a sorrowful event, where a good individual, who through a character flaw and/or conflict with an overwhelming effect, experiences setbacks of fortune from success to adversity and becomes a tragic individual. Tragedy usually involves the death of one or more characters (including the tragic individual) caused by the actions of a tragic individual and/or the villain in the literary work of art. (Aristotle) August Wilson’s Fences is a complex bildungsroman tragedy full of conflicting desires, major conflictsShow MoreRelated Brutus Character Analysis in Shakespeares Tragedy of Julius Caesar964 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis: Brutus William Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, was mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was the mastermind behind the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a senator and close friend to Julius Caesar. 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Along with it, Baghdad and the rest of the Muslim world experienced developments in different fields - from the arts to the sciences. There were more scholars than ever and exchange of ideas between the Middle East and other parts of the world flourished. However, when Al Mutawaki succeeded the throne in 847, things began to change. Known to be a strict follower of the Qur’an, literallyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 Pagesmanipulation, although the people who think this are dead wrong. People with the greatest amount of power get authority through ambition, responsibility, and motivation. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, it shows a story about a fictional tragedy in which a strong scottish general named Macbeth receives news from witches that he will one day become king. The new king of Scotland would be him one day. He created a large amount of confidence and ambition out o f this tale, that he comes to hisRead MoreEssay about Othello: the General1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdistracted to madness by Iago’s insinuations about his wife’s infidelity. The elegance and control, even the exaltation of his early speeches, give way to the crude degradation of his later remarks. (123) David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies describes many fine virtues which reside within the general: Othello’s blackness, like that of the natives dwelling in heathen lands, could betoken to Elizabethan audiences an innocent proneness to accept Christianity, and Othello is one whoRead MoreEssay on Power of Respect in Pericles Leadership of Athens1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthat his sharp tongue and outspoken personality have played a key role in his political career. Through up rises and down fall Pericles continued to lead Athens and never spoke negatively about his city. 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Rhetorical analysis “The Hardest of the Hardcore” Free Essays

It is believed that the United States allocates approximately 316 billion dollars a year on these groups. Distant from securing companies, they also provide security for the police, and government officials. Most of them are ex-special forces, and veterans. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical analysis â€Å"The Hardest of the Hardcore† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some are ex-cons. Some people refer to them as mercenaries, and some people call them builders. Others would describe the mission as training other soldiers. They are used all around the world, providing different services in support of the United States Military. What is their role? Student, Dylan Fujitani in his research policy argument, â€Å"The hardest of the hardcore† writes an article suggesting the removal of private contractors from the Middle East. It suggests that there is a common misconception that people are confused between the difference of civilian contractors, mercenaries, people in the military, and that civilian contractors should not adopt a military role. He adopts a serious tone in order to clutch the attention of his audience. There are a lot of misconceptions to what some may believe the key objectives of the support staff/private contractors/ mercenaries are in the Middle East, and Congress must swiftly act to level the playing field between US military personnel and private security contractors. Most of the writer’s points in the essay seem relevant, and consistent with my past experiences in dealing with private contractors. I agree that there is a common misconception about the role of the private contractor/mercenary. Historically, the mercenary is a soldier for hire, however, the private contractor also has different dignitary support roles. Fujitani successfully uses pathos in his essay to persuade his audience particularly when he suggests that the use of mercenaries circumvents public, and congressional scrutiny of some aspects of war (Fujitani 374). The writer’s purpose here is trying to persuade people, by giving an emotional appeal that civilian contractors (who have questionable prior backgrounds) are armed, are given essentially given legal immunity. Another example of Fujitani using pathos is when he said that placing more contractors in the theater of war is a good way to keep US troops numbers down, but politically it’s more expensive. Here he is suggesting that the United States is trying to mask the severity of war. Even though he provided examples from both sides of the case, he’s extremely ineffective in this area because it seems he was not concerned with presenting the counterargument fair-mindedly. Although the writer uses pathos in this particular section part of his essay, most of this paper is logos heavy. These styles of comparison help the writer convey to his audience a sense of importance by using the language that is quite familiar to the military. He indeed uses language that was easy for military, and nonmilitary personnel to understand. The writer seems very prejudiced, however, uses citations to support his opinion. I agree with the writer on the information that was presented, and how he was able to break down the concepts. I understand what he proposes when he references the role of civilian mercenaries. The writer was able to convince readers that his opinion was truly legit using ethos by referencing several published articles from credible sources. The reference New York Times article also gives good examples to support his reasoning. In contrast to what the writer believes, I believe that there is a position that supports the private contracting business overseas. The writer clearly overlooks some important points that should be noted on the contrary. In my experience, I believe civilian contractors provide essential support services to the United States military. It is imperative that the military should not waste valuable resources, and manpower on support positions. To the contrary of what most people think, war is not always shooting at people, capturing prisoners, and kicking down doors 24 hours a day. A lot of essential jobs are in support. The use of private contractors help with convoys, logistics, and food services help free up essential manpower for the military to concentrate on high mission profile assignments. In conclusion, the writer’s essay was ineffective because I believe that his essay appeals to one type of audience. The writer seems to not have any knowledge of how wartime operations are drawn out and conducted. Although not perfect, I believe that the use of private contractors are essential and should not be completely weeded out the process. On the contrary, he was effective because I think he used mostly logos to appeal to his audience. He references essentially six principles on why private contractors/mercenaries should be extremely downscaled. He starts off by reference in how mercenaries disguised the true cost of war. Here he explains how civilian contractors actually disguise the number of deployed troops. He goes on and references how civilian contractors have no loyalties, and ultimately answer only to their employers and not the military. He again uses logos by citing a report on how mercenaries assigned in Saudi Arabia left their post indefinitely, because they were not comfortable. Fujanti then moves to tie the two points together making a clear contrast on how the US military, and civilian mercenaries are accountable to the Geneva Convention. He describes how civilian mercenaries have no accountability to the law to whereas the US military does. The mercenaries are considered â€Å"noncombatants† and therefore it is difficult for them to fall within the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The writer closes his argument by expressing how private contractors frequently hire employees with questionable backgrounds. He appeals to his audience by citing an article from the New York Times how 1500 S. African mercenaries are now in the Iraqi area. He expresses that many of the people that are participating admitted to being former apartheid mercenaries. Fujanti is clearly frustrated knowing that these kinds of practices are frequently carried, nothings done about it, and moves to propose his solution by conveying that the problems that were discussed earlier needs to be addressed by Congress swiftly, and immediately to protect the legitimate uses of war from market forces, lawlessness, and the abuse of power. How to cite Rhetorical analysis â€Å"The Hardest of the Hardcore†, Papers

Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Energy Harvesting On Wireless Sensor Networks? Answer: Introducation A wireless communication is referred to as a system that holds energy harvesting nodes which again have the ability to provide self sustainability and continuous operation as well. Due to the continuous development of technology and the extreme growth of cost currently the developers are thinking of using the renewable resources instead of the non renewable. Moreover it can be said that in case of energy harvesting the wireless communication devices do gather energy directly from the environment. After reviewing the journals it is defined that in order to transmit information from one source to another destination the energy is used in terms of recharging the batteries (Ulukus et al., 2015). Again from different sources the energy could be harvested such as from the solar energy, chemical, vibration, thermal etc. This is one of the recent advances in technology which implies that from the beginning of the information theoretic performance restriction of the transmission scheduling policies as well as the resource allocation, access of the medium and the network level issues also. Though, it helps to improve the existing appearance of the wireless communication but still different issues are associated to it . The main issues associated to energy harvest wireless communication is because the available energy is variable is nature. Basically this is very much difficult to predict the accurate time and amount of energy that should be absorbed. After considering the EH background it is determined that, different models are also there which could maximize the energy harvest in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Shaikh Zeadally, 2016). It will help to develop such a system which is cost effective, efficient and reliable as well. References Shaikh, F. K., Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1041-1054. Ulukus, S., Yener, A., Erkip, E., Simeone, O., Zorzi, M., Grover, P., Huang, K. (2015). Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,33(3), 360-381.

Social And Political Reactions To Mormon Polygamy April 29, 1996 Socia

Social and Political Reactions to Mormon Polygamy April 29, 1996 Social and Political Reactions to Polygamy ?We are a peculiar people,? Elder Bruce R. McConkie once said (McConkie 25). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is one of a few ?odd? Christian religions. Many of its practices have created much persecution and political reaction, polygamy being one of these. It created much social and political persecution of the Mormons. Most of this persecution had come from anti-polygamist Christians. This is ironic because the anti-polygamists believed in the Bible, but not polygamy, one of its teachings. Many of God's righteous followers in the Old Testament practiced polygamy. Abraham married Hagar, Sarai's handmaiden (Genesis 16:1-3). Jacob was married to Leah, Rachel, Billah, and Zilpha all at the same time. In the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of modern revelation used as scripture by the LDS church, it states that ?in nothing did they [the Old Testament prophets] s in save in those things they received not of me [God]?(132:38). Quickly one sees that God gave those women to the prophets of old because they were righteous. So what exactly is the justification and reason for polygamy? Mormons believed that when a couple or family is sealed in the temple of the Lord by one holding God's priesthood keys of sealing, that the bond is not ?until death do us part,? but rather for all eternity. If this is true, then when a man is widowed and he marries a second wife, he then has two wives. The Mormons believe that if a man can have multiple wives in heaven, then the same should be true on Earth. ?According to the Lord's law of marriage, it is lawful that a man have only one wife at a time unless by revelation the Lord commands plurality of wives in the new and everlasting covenant? (McConkie5770). If a woman who is sealed in the temple is widowed, she not allowed to be resealed: only a man is allowed a plurality of spouses. Before the founding and organ izing of the LDS church and introduction of polygamy, Joseph Smith received bitter persecution. He was tarred and feathered by a mob, but this was nothing compared to the treatment the saints received when their practice of polygamy became well known (Arrington JS 26-7). In order to escape the torture, Joseph Smith led one hundred and fifty or more saints from New York to Kirtland, Ohio in 1831 (Arrington JS 21). After living in harmony with the native Gentiles for several years, the town of Kirtland became a prosperous city. In 1843, the local Gentiles found out that Joseph Smith and many other church members were practicing polygamy. When questioned, they confessed to the act, but from then on they hid it from the Gentiles (Newell 66-7). The news spread quickly, and the persecution returned at an even greater intensity. Social persecution quickly turned into political persecution. On October 30, 1838, Governor Lilburn Boggs issued the Extermination Order in which he wrote ?that th e Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state, if necessary, for the public good.? (Benton 787) A few days later at Haun's Mill, 17 Mormons were killed and many others, including women and children, were severely wounded (Benton787). In October 1838, the Missouri state militia was marching toward the Saints in Kirtland, Ohio: Anxious to avoid bloodshed, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Parley P. Pratt, Lyman White and George Robinson went to negotiate with state officials under the flag of truce. Instead of treating the group with respect, however, militia officials seized the group. An order was issued to have Joseph and the others shot, but Colonel Alexander Doniphan, a secondary Missouri officer, courageously refused to carry out the order. Instead of court-martial and execution, the prisoners were taken on November 2 to Jackson County for Prison and trial.?(Arrington JS32) After spending six months in prison, the group escaped with the help o f the jailer (Arrington JS 32). Joseph then purchased a large amount of land in Jackson county, Missouri to which the Mormons could flee for safety. There Smith founded the city of Nauvoo, to which approximately 2,500

Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley

In Patricia Highsmith’s The Talented Mr. Ripley, Tom Ripley’s underlying desire to start a new life, and become a successful man leads to the eventual death of Dickie Greenleaf. Tom’s jealousy, along with his infatuation of Dickie, became so overwhelming that he began to obsess over Dickie’s life. Tom would constantly try to please Dickie, and win over his affection; though Tom soon learned that he would never be able to compete with Marge and this drove him over the edge. Tom Ripley sailed to Italy on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Greenleaf, the parents of Dickie Greenleaf. Mr. Greenleaf had approached Tom and informed him that he would put up all the money for a trip to Italy, if Tom would attempt to convince his son to return home to the states. It did not take Tom long to make up his mind, because this was the fresh start he had been looking for. He was already in trouble with the law, so Europe would be a good excuse to get away for a while. Tom accepted, and upon his arrival in Italy, he was immediately overwhelmed by his new found surroundings. For the first time in Tom’s life, he had the chance to start over, and to make something of himself. It was time that he said, â€Å"goodbye to all the second-rate people he had hung around and had let hang around him the past three years in New York† (p 34). There was nothing but opportunity in front of Tom Ripley, and he intended to take advantage. It took some time for Tom to win over Dickie’s friendship. Tom confessed to Dickie the real reason why he was in Italy: â€Å"it was his one last chance to amuse Dickie or repel him, to make Dickie burst out laughing or go out and slam the door in disgust† (p 56). This brought a smile to Dickie’s face and led to the eventual friendship that developed between the two of them. Although it is obvious from the beginning of this friendship that Tom would constantly be the one trying to please Dickie. After all, â€Å"... Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley In Patricia Highsmith’s The Talented Mr. Ripley, Tom Ripley’s underlying desire to start a new life, and become a successful man leads to the eventual death of Dickie Greenleaf. Tom’s jealousy, along with his infatuation of Dickie, became so overwhelming that he began to obsess over Dickie’s life. Tom would constantly try to please Dickie, and win over his affection; though Tom soon learned that he would never be able to compete with Marge and this drove him over the edge. Tom Ripley sailed to Italy on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Greenleaf, the parents of Dickie Greenleaf. Mr. Greenleaf had approached Tom and informed him that he would put up all the money for a trip to Italy, if Tom would attempt to convince his son to return home to the states. It did not take Tom long to make up his mind, because this was the fresh start he had been looking for. He was already in trouble with the law, so Europe would be a good excuse to get away for a while. Tom accepted, and upon his arrival in Italy, he was immediately overwhelmed by his new found surroundings. For the first time in Tom’s life, he had the chance to start over, and to make something of himself. It was time that he said, â€Å"goodbye to all the second-rate people he had hung around and had let hang around him the past three years in New York† (p 34). There was nothing but opportunity in front of Tom Ripley, and he intended to take advantage. It took some time for Tom to win over Dickie’s friendship. Tom confessed to Dickie the real reason why he was in Italy: â€Å"it was his one last chance to amuse Dickie or repel him, to make Dickie burst out laughing or go out and slam the door in disgust† (p 56). This brought a smile to Dickie’s face and led to the eventual friendship that developed between the two of them. Although it is obvious from the beginning of this friendship that Tom would constantly be the one trying to please Dickie. After all, â€Å"...

In what ways is British society a globalized society Essay

In what ways is British society a globalized society - Essay Example But likewise, as economies become more intertwined, we find that they can also become more vulnerable to unexpected shifts and new forms of opaqueness. This isn’t a reason to turn away from globalization, but it is a reason to be vigilant. This essay will look at the way Britain has become more dependent on other countries through the process of globalization and it will suggest that this has mostly been for the best. Although the exact moment of globalization occurring in Britain is a highly debatable question considering the length of Britain’s history and its extensive involvement in world affairs, it could be send that the election of â€Å"New Labour† in 1997 marked the rapid acceleration of the period. With Tony Blair’s successful efforts to remake the formerly left-wing, anti-free trade Labour party into a pro-market moderate party, Britain decided to go full steam ahead with economic global integration. The stage had been set a few years earlier. In the words of Merril Stevenson in a thoughtful article on the subject: Britain got its economic act together just as globalisation was accelerating, in the late 1980s. It has managed to catch and ride the current wave successfully, selling the world financial and business services where once it sold cotton textiles and machines. Shifting earlier and more decisively than most countries out of mass manufacturing, where it had few advantages over lower-cost competitors, to more easily defended high-value-added goods and services gave it an edge. Margaret Thatchers painful union-bashing left Britain with flexible labour markets at a time when countries such as France and Germany are struggling with unbudgetable workers and high unemployment.1 Of course, with current economic events shaking the world economy, we begin to see some of the potential negative effects of globalization for Britain. In a recent visit to the United States, Gordon Brown was keen to point out that the problems started

Business in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business in UK - Essay Example It is one of the key options for the effective economic management. According to the British Economist, Mr. Keynes, the public spending needs to be increase when the private investment and spending is unbalanced and inadequate. There are two categories of spending, such as Capital spending and current spending. Capital spending considers spending on the physical assets, including roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals. On the other hand, current spending includes expenditure on raw materials and wages. Government describes fiscal policy by writing legislation and setting taxation level. The changes in fiscal and monetary policy can affect the businesses both directly or indirectly. The impacts are highlighted below. Fiscal policy generally engages changes in spending and taxation policies. Lower tax considers high disposable income for people and more cash to invest for business in equipments and jobs. On the other hand increasing consumption of taxes or income usually address less disposable income for people that can be decelerate the activities linked with the business (Ruddock, 116). It is evidenced that increasing ageing population and budget deficits should be addressed in order to sustain the long term business growth. Changes in the short-term interest rate generally manipulate long-term interest rates. Mortgage rate is the effective example of it. Low interest rate stands for higher disposable income for people and limited interest expense for a particular business. The combination of these two considers high business profit. High interest rate can affect the business firms as it results Lower sales and profit and higher interest expense. Changes in the interest rate have negative impact on the stock prices that can affect consumer spending. Several taxation policies have negative impacts on the business cost. For an example,

Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI)

Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) Discuss the weaknesses of the Occupational Stress Indicator. What are the alternatives? The Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) is one of the most frequently used measures of occupational stress. Its intention is to provide practical help to individuals and their organizations (Cooper et al., 1988). It was designed to measure the key components of the stress process and work study in a wide variety of organizations. The original occupational scale contained over 200 items scored on a 6-point Likert-type scale. The Indicator consists of one biographical questionnaire and six questionnaires each measuring different dimensions of stress. For example, source of stress, moderating factor in aspects of dealing with stress and the stressors affects on the individual and situation. The sources of pressure questionnaire have six subscales and are a measure of factors thought to have a role in the aetiology of occupational stress. There are three questionnaires for assessing moderating variables: these are for type A behaviour pattern with three subscales, locus of control with t hree subscales, and coping strategies with five subscales. A further three questionnaires for mental ill-health, physical ill-health, and job satisfaction (with six subscales), assess strain or `stress effects. In simple terms, the OSI uses questionnaire statements to assess, a) how you feel about your job b) how you assess your current state of health, c) the way you behave generally, d) how you interpret events around you e) sources of pressure in your job, and f) how you cope with the stress you experience. OSI questionnaires are based on identifying three key elements of the stress process-effects, sources, and individual differences-and the scale places appraisal at the centre of the process. In particular, it is felt that it is not the demand or the source of pressure itself that is the issue; it is the perception of that pressure (Lazarus, 1966). It follows that the perception of individual differences such as coping and support and the perception of stress outcomes such as w ell-being and job satisfaction should also be measured. Pratt and Barling (1988) stated that it is as important to measure the interpretation that individuals give to an event as it is to measure the event itself. The recognition that appraisal plays a key role in the stress process makes it appropriate to use self-report questionnaires to measure stress at work. The essence behind the OSI was to provide a measurement scale, which would in turn provide a link between theoretical knowledge – in particular Lazarus (1966) Transactional Model and empirical evidence. Before discussing alternatives, it is important to evaluate the strengths of the instrument – and assess the positive attributes that the indicator has provided for future research. Although self-report mechanisms of discovering data have had criticism for its susceptibility towards experimenter bias – i.e. participants lying for socially desirable reasons, or over-playing/down-playing their answers for personal means, self report instruments are a valuable way of seeking responses from the core source themselves. Thus responses are first hand – and not an interpretation from a second or third party. In regards to work related stress – it has been found that self- reported health is a good indicator of the health status (Farmer Ferraro, 1997) and there is a positive relationship between self-reported health and self-efficacy (Parkatti, Deeg, Bosscher, Launer, 1998). Thus, this may imply that self report responses collected from a measurement like the OSI may well yield valid responses in regards to their health and how this in turn may affect how they feel about their working environment and how they perform within it. There has been a considerable body of research that has investigated self-reported health and occupational stress. It is accepted that in work situations stress due to increased psychological demands and reduced job control is related to poor self- reported health (Andries et al., 1996). Therefore, asking employee’s to complete the complex occupational stress indicator questionnaires may indicate where this stress is coming from and how the person perceives they are dealing in the situation. The major advantage of the OSI is that it is a mechanism of which may highlight a potential damaging work-related stress problem – not only high-lighting the problem, but the scale attempts to highlight its source and potential solution as well. The OSI has been used extensively since its publication in 1988. However, up until the late 1990’s, the scale has not been changed or been amended in any way. A number of studies have reviewed the design and use of the questionnaire in attempt to test the psychometric properties of the OSI, and to see if the instrument could be improved. The original OSI suffered from being developed on the basis of a very small (N = 156) sample. Therefore, it was important in any evaluation of the scale to include a vast sample to prepare the analysis from. In attempt to evaluate the scale structure and reliability, Williams (1996) analyzed the data for over 20,000 participants working in over 100 different organizations. The data was collected between 1990 and the end of 1995 from a wide variety of organizations in the public and private sector in the United Kingdom. Accounting for errors, a sample of 4,455 individuals in total adds support to a great body of literature that presents a consi stent picture of the strengths and weaknesses of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Through analyse, the scale appears strong at measuring job satisfaction, mental and physical health, and sources of pressure (Cooper Bramwell, 1992; Rees Cooper, 1992; Robertson et al., 1990). However, if the aim of the OSI questionnaires are to identify key elements of the stress process- e.g. the effects, sources, and individual differences-the indicator is somewhat flawed. The indicator is not so strong at evaluating the extend to which the individual feels in control of their situation (i.e. locus of control) or what behaviour, coping strategies people are most likely to adopt (Kirkcaldy, Cooper, Eysenck, Brown, 1994). Thus, the scales seem to lack in the ability to address the fundamental issue of individual differences in the process of stress, and how one perceives and copes with their situation. Therefore, there is strong evidence to suggest that the scale itself needs improvement or redesi gn to account for this (Williams Cooper, 1997). To discuss alternatives or improvements for the Occupational Stress Indicator – one needs to highlight how we define stress and how this definition is relevant in the work place. Stress can be regarded as the sum of total of environmental demands that tax our mental resources. For some (e.g. Lazarus, 1975), stress only has impact if we appraise it as threatening or harmful to ourselves. Symptoms of stress are varied but often present itself as some kind of strain in psychological, physiological, behavioural or physical health. Information about the individual and stress is often accumulated through self-report questionnaires. The most common (but not necessarily the strongest method) is through the use of a cross sectional design – such as the OSI. All data collected via this method is self-report and collected from the same people at the same time. There is danger in this approach – as it can often inflate the correlations observed between job-factors and the st rain outcome, and this does not accurately indicate the direction of causality. Conclusions derived from such analysis are often in terms of ‘main effects’ (of work related factors) and modifiers (moderate, mediators – variables that serve to enhance or attenuate the effect of job stress). For example, the level of control or autonomy against level of work load put upon the individual. However, this does not clearly tell us whether these two variables are related or independent of each other. It is merely assumed that one causes the other. As mentioned before, the flaws of the OSI seem to be in its ability (or lack of ability) to reliably identify how one perceives their situation and addresses coping strategies to suit. Lazarus (1975) account of occupational stress is useful here. He purposes a transactional cognitive view of stress. Lazarus believes that it is not just the environment that needs to be taken into account when considering sources of stress, but also a look at the person and how they ‘fit’ into the environment. Lazarus (1975) believes that there is a transaction between the environment and the person. This transaction is only stressful if a) the person believes the outcome of behaviour is relevant to personal goals/beliefs and b) if the person recons that the environmental demands exceed the personal resources of the individual. Furthermore, every encounter between the environment and the person involves appraisal and coping strategies. Lazarus (1975) believes that since perception of the s tressor is all important, it is pointless to pursue objective indicators of the environment. Rather it is this perception of the situation that indicators how stressed one will feel. A great criticism of the OSI is in its complexity and its length. This makes the administration of the scale a timely process. In response to this, Faragher, Cooper and Cartwright (2004) purpose an alternative, two-stage, risk assessment process. This involves an initial screening questionnaire for all employees of a given work place, and then conventional risk assessment tools are used to evaluate in detail just those individuals identified as having a potential stress problem. There are three main sections of the questionnaire which measure employee perceptions of their job, organizational commitment and employee health. This shorter version of the Occupation Stress Indicator is termed the ASSET – A Shortened Stress Evaluation Tool. Tests of just under 10,000 employees in 100 public and private sector organizations within Britain found ASSET to be quick and easy to complete, generating a high response rate. Thus in comparison to the OSI, the evaluation of the ASSET provides evidence that it possesses good reliability (a small number of reliable factors which increases the ease of interpretation) and has good reports of validity. However, it could be regarded that this shortened scale may have negative consequences for its validity. For example, the ASSET is put forward as a two stage ‘risk assessment’. This implies that the scale is administrated to assess the employee’s susceptibility to feeling stressed. Therefore, this ignores that there is an interaction between the environment and the person, but instead, puts heavy emphasis on the person’s ability to cope in a given environment. Therefore, this type of risk assessment may be perceived as more of a ‘test’ – rather than a support mechanism. Therefore, the validity of the screening scale itself is put into question – as it is highly likely that participants will want to answer in a socially acceptable manner to avoid incrimination. . Another scale that has adopted a shorter format is the Pressure Management Indicator. Williams Cooper, (1996) cite this model as more reliable, more comprehensive, and shorter than the OSI. The Pressure Management Indicator did infact evolved from the Occupational Stress Indicator. Therefore, the comparisons between the two scales here, opposed to the ASSET scale, are more valid and useful. Therefore, its inventors regard it as the replacement indicator of occupational stress. Williams and Copper (1998) examined existing measures of stress (directly and indirectly related to work) – these included questionnaires on mental health (e.g., Crown Crisp, 1979), job satisfaction (e.g., Warr, Cook, Wall, 1979), and locus of control (e.g., Rotter, 1966) and worked from the original OSI to produce a standardized, reliable, compact, and comprehensive instrument to measure work-related stress. The PMI incorporates three main scales; stress-outcome, stressor and the moderator factor. The stress-outcome scales measure, job and organizational satisfaction, organizational security, organizational commitment, anxiety-depression, resilience, worry, physical symptoms, and exhaustion. The stressor scales cover pressure from workload, relationships, career development, managerial responsibility, personal responsibility, home demands, and daily hassles. The moderator variables measure drive, impatience, control, decision latitude, and the coping strategies of problem focus, life work balance, and social support. To overcome the limitations of the original OSI, Williams and Copper (1998) embarked on a comprehensive analysis of the scale, ranging from analysis of the name of the scale – e.g. it was found that the mention of ‘stress’ in the title of the original scale implied there was a ‘stress problem’ in the organisation. Thus changing the name to ‘Pressure’ intended to imply a more neutral term (opposed to stress – the n egative consequence of pressure – William 1994). Through the extensive analysis of the OSI Williams and Copper (1998) revealed the main attributes of the original scale that existed as its weakness – and purposed to find solutions to these problems. For example, as stated the scale could be interpreted as threatening and time consuming. Thus a shortened version was essential. Another issue highlighted with the use of such a lengthy scale – was infact the possibility that a large number of items would increase the co-efficient alpha rating – and thus making the scale appear more reliable than it actually is. Therefore, the production of the PMI was designed to revise the questionnaires and number of items, without sacrificing its psychometric properties. Furthermore, it may be felt that the items on the OSI were bias towards white-collar or executive levels – ignoring the stress felt at lower levels of the organisation. The length and complexity of the OSI may have been bias towards workers who took on re ading activities regularly – opposed to the more manually skilled employee’s with more hands on day to day tasks. With this diversity in mind – it is essential that a vast number of employment scenarios are covered on any stress indicator scale. It may be interpreted that the original OSI was not so diligent in representing such diversity in the work-force. Williams and Copper (1996) were careful to use an extremely diverse data set representing over 100 different organisations from the public and private sectors. Incorporating diversity, it is also important to eradicate cultural boundaries in the questioning material. For example, the acknowledgement and understanding that many companies want to investigate work-related stress across national and ethnic boundaries is important. Therefore, can the OSI be regarded as a multi-cultural measure of occupational stress? It may be suggested that the mere fact it was based on a very small sample of just over 150 people , that it is impossible that is has gained a representative view of the world and the people and organisations within it. Furthermore, the consideration that the world of work is always changing means that the questions on the scales need to reflect changes in demand such as job insecurity and technology. The fact that, the original OSI scale has not been amended since its production renders it out-of-date in many respects. To combat these downfalls, William and Copper (1996), attempt to combine the questionnaires with organization-specific items, in hope of identifying sources of pressure and the use of coping mechanisms. The original scale lacks the ability to provide a cross-occupational and cross-company analysis. The solution was to develop a standardized measure covering all aspects of the stress-strain relationship that is, stressors, moderating factors, and stress outcomes (William and Copper, 1996). The new PMI questionnaires are intended also to help raise awareness of occ upational stress at the individual and organizational level, identify those individuals who need remedial help, and provide information for the design of appropriate interventions In light of the discussion above, the Occupational Stress Indictor has presented many weaknesses – in particular reference to its design, practical administration, validity and reliability. Many have questioned the length and complexity of the original self-report questionnaire. This has led to a revised version of the scales in the form of the PMI (Williams and Copper, 1996). The PMI, developed just under ten years after the original OSI, intended to combat many of its methological concerns such as shortening the administration process and taking into account cultural and occupational differences of its users. It would appear that through the quest to appeal to a wide audience – i.e. a diverse work base, the original OSI flawed due to its lack of ability to be able to offer a reliable source of stress indicator in reference to the individual’s perception of the situation and how they perceive they are coping. Although the original OSI was giving an accurate rep resentation of job satisfaction, mental and physical health, and the sources of pressure – i.e. concrete certainties that are easily measurable, the scale was not so reliable in measuring more abstract properties such as perceptional qualities. Therefore, it may seem a valuable option to concentrate on the perceptual properties of the scale itself to produce more reliable scale that measures how the individual feels, opposed to just how the individual acts in their environment– hence the development of the Pressure Management Indicator. This goes hand in hand with the theoretical assumptions that underpin the measurement scales – e.g. Lazarus transactional model of stress – purposing that there is a transaction between the environment and the person – which in turn may render the interaction as a stressful one or not. It is important to take into account that stress is an interactive process between the stressor and the moderator and the stress out come. The newly revised PMI scale is more advanced than the original OSI scale in that it takes into account this interaction. An important factor highlighted by the ASSET scale is that the administration of an Occupation Stress Indicator or Pressure Management Indicator needs to be as impartial as possible. A large weakness that needs to be overcome about any type of stress indicator is that it is not measuring the person’s ability to cope in stressful situations. For example, the scale is not intended to assess or question personality or to test the personal attributes of the individual, but instead, to provide an indication of how one perceives their working environment and how a number of variables interact to produce potentially stressful effects for the individual. The overall aim of a stress indicator scale is to identify physical and psychological areas of concern that can be highlighted to encourage an optimal balance of stress, coping strategies and support in the w ork place. References Books Cooper, C. L., Sloan, S. J., Williams, S. (1988). Occupational Stress Indicator. Windsor, England: NFER- Nelson. Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lazarus, R.S. (1975). The healthy personality: a review of conceptualizations and research. In Levi, L (Ed). Society, stress and disease, vol 2. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Pratt, L. I., Barling, J. (1988). Differentiating between daily events, acute and chronic stressors: A framework and its implications. Cited in Hurrell, J.J., Murphy, L.R. Sauter, S.L., Cooper, C.L (1998) (Eds.), Occupational stress: Issues and developments in research. London: Taylor Francis. Williams, S. (1994). Managing pressure for peak performance. London: Kogan Page. Williams, S., Cooper, C. L. (1996). Pressure Management Indicator. Harrogate, England: RAD. Williams, S., Cooper, C. L. (1997). The Occupational Stress Indicator. In R. J. Wood Zalaquett, C. (1997) (Ed.). Evaluating stress: A book of resources. Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University. Journals Andries, F., Kompier, M. A. J., Smulders, P. G. (1996). Do you think that your health or safety are at risk because of your work? A large European study on psychological and physical work demands. Work Stress, 10, 104-118. Farmer, M. M., Ferraro, K. F. (1997). Distress and perceived health: Mechanisms of health decline. Journal of Health Social Behaviour, 38, 298-311. Cooper, C. L., Bramwell, R. S. (1992). Predictive validity of the strain components of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Stress Medicine, 8, 5760. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Crown, S., Crisp, A. H. (1979). Manual of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Kirkcaldy, B., Cooper, C. L., Eysenck, M., Brown, J. (1994). Anxiety and coping. Personality and Individual Difference, 17, 681-684. Parkatti, T., Deeg, D. J. H., Bosscher, R. J., Launer, L. L. J. (1998). Physical activity and self-rated health among 55- to 89-year-old Dutch people. Journal of Aging and Health, 10, 311-326 Rees, D. W., Cooper, C. L. (1992). Occupational stress in health service workers in the U.K. Stress Medicine, 8, 79-90. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C, L., Williams, J. (1990). The validity of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Work Stress, 4, 29-39. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external locus of control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1), 609. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Warr, P., Cook, J., Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 129-148. Williams, S. (1996). A critical review and further development of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Doctoral thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester, England. Cited in Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321 Bibliography Hurrell, J.J., Murphy, L.R. Sauter, S.L., Cooper, C.L (1998) (Eds.), Occupational stress: Issues and developments in research. London: Taylor Francis. R. J. Wood Zalaquett, C. (1997). (Eds). Evaluating stress: A book of resources. Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University. Schweizer, K. and DÃ ¶brich, P. (2003). Self-reported health, appraisal, coping, and stress in teachers. Psychology Science, Volume 45, (1), p. 92-105 Williams and Copper (1998). Measuring Occupational Stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 306-321

Importance of Chemistry in Chosen Profession Essay

The international year of Chemistry (2011) should be the key point in a significant growth of the diffusion of chemistry to show society its importance, how it is necessary, which can provide, in order to put it in the appropriate place to be considered by the public. Different activities have been carried out in almost all the science faculties of the Spanish Universities during 2011 to develop the interest in chemistry. Those activities also include the collaboration with teachers in levels before to the University. The Faculty of Science of the University of Extremadura, as well as, in our case, a group of professors, PhD and PhD students are carrying out actions of divulgation of science including chemistry. The aim is to carry out chemical laboratory experiences for high-school students. Experiences in the laboratory were structured in response to different levels of difficulty and looking those more attractive or those that could hit the students. Addressed aspects were related to spectroscopy, surface tension, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, acidity, chromatography, liquid – liquid distillation, etc. The students worked in each activity in groups no larger than 4-5 students and they carried out the experience with the help of the instructor. It is noticeable the great number of activities described in the literature, in the network, etc., for the diffusion of chemistry. However, a crucial aspect is the form in which those experiences are carried out, as well as the participation of the students is active and the goals such as awaken the interest in science in general and chemistry in particular are achieved. Another point is to involve the university community especially the youngest in the necessity to spread the knowledge and the interest in science. We present a catalog of chemical experiences and a plan to be developed extensively to all the levels previous to the university, including primary school level. . Answer: Chemistry has a reputation for being a complicated and boring science, but for the most part, that reputation is undeserved. Fireworks and explosions are based on chemistry, so it’s definitely not a boring science. If you take classes in chemistry, you’ll apply math and logic, which can make studying chemistry a challenge if you are weak in those areas. However, anyone can understand the basics of how things work†¦ and that’s the study of chemistry. In a nutshell, the importance of chemistry is that it explains the world around you. Chemistry Explains†¦ * Cooking Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how it rots, how to preserve food, how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food. * Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. You use chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home. You use chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants and even ordinary soap and water. How do they work? That’s chemistry! * Medicine You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins, supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Part of the importance of chemistry lies in developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines. * Environmental Issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes one chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? Importance of Taking Chemistry Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry, but it may be important to take a course in chemistry or even make a career out of it. It’s important to understand chemistry if you are studying any of the sciences because all of the sciences involve matter and the interactions between types of matter. Students wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologists, pharmacists, and (of course) chemists all study chemistry. You might want to make a career of chemistry because chemistry-related jobs are plentiful and high-paying. The importance of chemistry won’t be diminished over time, so it will remain a promising career path.

A Streetcar Named Desire †Commentary Essay

In the play, A Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, Blanche the protagonist who is mentally fragile and depends on her sister’s help to overcome various adversities as her husband’s passing away and her paying many debts decides to move to New Orleans, where her sister lives. Throughout the play, Blanche, who is from a southern part called Laurel, strives to conform to society’s norms and attempts to ï ¬ nd a man to marry her; but she is incapable of feeling involved in the scenery and as a consequence of that, she loses her mentality at the end of the play. In this speciï ¬ c passage, Blanche returns from a date with the character Mitch who desires to marry her to please his ill mother. Through this particular scene, Williams initiates to develop the relationship between the aforementioned characters to reveal that their relationship depends merely on mutual beneï ¬ ts rather than feelings. In this particular scene, Williams establishes the codependent relationship between Mitch and Blanche, which is founded on mutual loneliness and the desire to be with anyone, to demonstrate that society employs pressure on each and every individual to conform to its norms. Initially, Williams assigns the elements of punctuation to highlight that the characters Blanche and Mitch are forced to have a relationship that only depends on the desire to be with anyone because of gender stereotypes that society puts forth. For instance, the playwright utilizes the element dash to demonstrate that Mitch and Blanche awkwardly hesitate to approach each other. Mitch states the line â€Å"Can I – uh – kiss you – good-night?†, and Blanche states the line â€Å"The one that says the lady must entertain the gentleman – or no dice!†. The dashes in these two quotes convey that both Mitch and Blanche appear to be hesitant and forced to be in this relationship. They tend to be indecisive about whether to ï ¬ nish their sentences or not. The characters’ uncertainty draws a conclusion that they feel irresolute about whether they should comply with gender stereotypes of society or not. Additionally, Williams supports the aforementioned claim by utilizing another element of punctuation called ellipsis. Blanche states the line â€Å"I liked the kiss very much. It was the other little – familiarity – that I – felt obliged to – discourage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The utilization of ellipsis in this sentence once again proves that the characters constantly complete their sentences with hesitation and that they are uncomfortable talking to each other. Their constantly hesitating shown by these elements is due to the fact that in this particular setting, gender stereotypes are put forth by society which commands individuals to marry anyone to be regarded as â€Å"normal† by the others. Blanche and Mitch, who do not actually bear feelings for each other, choose each other to comply with these rules, but as a consequence of this situation, they appear to be forced to have this relationship in order to conform to gender stereotypes in society. Through the elements of punctuation, Williams remarks that Blanche and Mitch are forced to be together and that their co-dependent relationship is founded on the pressure that the norms of society exert. Furthermore, the playwright utilizes the elements of characterization to reveal that the relationship between Blanche and Mitch depends rather on the pressure exerted by society than on emotions. Williams depicts Blanche’s state in this scene through employing direct and indirect characterization which put forth the conclusion that Blanche feels compelled and exhausted to have her relationship with Mitch. For instance, the playwright employs direct characterization in the stage direction to depict that Blanche has â€Å"utter exhaustion† in her â€Å"voice and manner†. This direct characterization reveals that Blanche becomes disappointed in the quality of the date that she and Mitch return from. As a result of this disappointment, she reï ¬â€šects her exhaustion in her voice regarding that Mitch is not similar with the man whom she desires to have. Williams additionally utilizes direct characterization to regard Blanche’s personality as â€Å"neurasthenic†. This description conveys that Mitch’s manners aggravate her due to the fact that his manners are inadequate compared to those of the man whom Blanche desires. Hence, these examples of direct characterization prove that Blanche, who becomes dissatisï ¬ ed with Mitch’s qualities feels obliged and compelled to have a relationship with Mitch because the norms of society force her to marry anyone to be regarded as â€Å"normal†. Moreover, Williams employs indirect characterization to indicate that Blanche strives to conform to the norms of society through having a relationship with Mitch. For example, Blanche states the line â€Å"The one that says the lady must entertain the gentleman – or no dice!†. Through this instance, the playwright highlights that women in society are regarded as â€Å"worthless† without conforming to gender stereotypes. Blanche states that if she does not â€Å"entertain† her â€Å"gentleman†, she will have â€Å"no dice†. The conclusion drawn from this point is that women in society cannot endure unless they satisfy their men. Hence, Blanche regards Mitch as her last option and conforms to gender stereotypes of society through having a relationship deprived of emotions. Through the elements of characterization, Williams conveys that Blanche and Mitch has an artiï ¬ cial relationship on behalf of complying with gender stereotypes of society . Subsequently, Williams accounts the elements of ï ¬ gurative language to mention that Blanche and Mitch are coerced to be in a co-dependent relationship because of the constraint that gender stereotypes of society apply. Williams implements the element of allusion to address the aforementioned message. For instance, Mitch bears, upside down, â€Å"a plaster statuette of Mae West†. In this example, the statuette of Mae West is an allusion to the sexual desire between the couple regarding that Mae West is known as a sex symbol. However, since Mitch carries the statuette â€Å"upside down†, this signiï ¬ es that there is something wrong with the sexual connection between Mitch and Blanche. Indeed, the statuette refers to the lack of sexual tension between the couple due the fact that their relationship depends only on a mutual beneï ¬ t which is to be accepted by society. The playwright employs the allusion of â€Å"Mae West† to illustrate that there is not any sexual desire between the couple regarding that their relationship does not harbor any emotion. In addition, the playwright employs the allusion of â€Å"the Seven Sisters† to remark Blanche’s loneliness. â€Å"The Seven Sisters, also referred as the Pleiades, were the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas. They became a group of stars.† Although Blanche has a sister, she is indeed mentally unsupported because of her sister’s lack of consideration. Being compared to the Seven Sisters, she adores â€Å"the Seven Sisters† for their unity, feels lonely and seeks to be with anyone to comply with the rules of society. Hence, she decides to rely on Mitch who is her last option. This allusion once again proves that Stella and Mitch build up an unnatural relationship deprived of feelings in order to conform to the norms of society. Williams implements the elements of ï ¬ gurative language to establish the relationship between Blanche and Mitch which merely depends on the desire to be with anyone and the pressure put forth by society. In summation, Tennessee Williams applies the elements punctuation, characterization and ï ¬ gurative language to develop the artiï ¬ cial relationship between Blanche and Mitch, which originates from the desire to be with anyone, in order to illustrate that society compels each and every individual to obey its norms. Through these elements, Williams eventually clariï ¬ es that this imitated relationship arises from the enforcement exerted by the gender stereotypes of society.

Summary The Emperor Trajan - 2012 Words

In his letter to the Emperor Trajan, dated 113, Pliny the Younger offers a glimpse into the life and practice of the early Christian community within the Roman province of Bithynia. This ancient document provides what David Music calls, one of the earliest post-New Testament references to Christian singing. Certainly, the Old Testament, and New Testament point to the practice as well, (2 Samuel 22:1-51, Matthew 26:30), indicate that the expression of song has consistently operated at the heart of the liturgical, communal, and devotional life of God s people. In fact, without the utterance of song, religious worship becomes sterile, in many respects, devoid of divine artistic expression. This journey of thought will seek to explore views on hymnology and song by looking in great detail firstly at Augustine s position with regard to music as seen in book (10.33.49 - 10.33.50) of the Confessions, secondly, at the introduction to his homily on Psalm 119:The Ascents of the Christian, and finally, I will make the claim that Augustine s experiences with Manichaeism and Neo-platonism had a tremendous influence on his philosophical and ideological position with regard to music. What becomes clear when studying Augustine s view of music is that Augustine s understanding of song as art greatly transcended the artistic by taking on meaningful spiritual dimensions. As a theologian, philosopher, prolific writer, and scholar Augustine Bishop of Hippo (354-430) left anShow MoreRelatedMovie And Scene Of The Movie Spartacus 1659 Words   |  7 Pagesfilm were either heavily romanticised or simply totally made up altogether. The popular 1960 film Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick and named after the famous slave revolt leader of the same name, was no exception. Movie and Scene Presentation Summary The film was set in the same setting as the titular protagonist historically started the slave revolt: in Italy, and was especially set in the time of the Roman Empire. Spartacus, the slave, was sold off to a man named Batiatus, who had the slave